Anthony Trollope as Writer of the Victorian Period

1. Introduction

Anthony Trollope as writer stands out for realism, discipline, and psychological depth. He crafted stories grounded in middle-class English life. His characters reflect ambition, struggle, and moral conflict. Unlike Dickens, Trollope did not rely on sensational plots. Instead, he explored ordinary lives with care. Every novel reflects balance between social critique and entertainment. Trollope’s output was enormous—47 novels, numerous stories, and travel books. His writing method was methodical, based on strict daily routines. As a result, he maintained quality with quantity. Moreover, he examined institutions like the Church and Parliament with insight. His works often asked readers to question motives, ethics, and appearances. Today, critics revisit his works for their structural richness and honesty. Anthony Trollope as writer continues to influence modern novelists. He proved that steady craft, not dramatic flair, creates lasting fiction.

2. Early Life and Influences

Understanding Anthony Trollope as writer requires looking at his early life. Born in 1815 in London, he experienced financial instability. His father failed in law and farming, while his mother wrote to support the family. Trollope’s youth was marked by anxiety and social awkwardness. These early struggles shaped his views on respectability, class, and security. Later, his job at the General Post Office offered stability. It also gave him travel opportunities and time to write. During his years in Ireland, he developed empathy for outsiders and critics of authority. His background made him sensitive to both privilege and poverty. Trollope admired Jane Austen and Maria Edgeworth. These influences encouraged clarity and realism in his work. Thus, the foundation of Anthony Trollope as writer lies in personal hardship, family example, and Victorian moral dilemmas.

3. Trollope’s Writing Discipline

Discipline defined Anthony Trollope as writer. He woke early and wrote before beginning his government job. His goal: 250 words every 15 minutes. Trollope believed regularity created better results than inspiration alone. He used a watch while writing to measure progress. That strict method allowed him to produce three thousand words daily. This routine brought astonishing consistency across decades. Even while traveling for work, he never stopped writing. He planned plots carefully, often months in advance. He also revised thoroughly. Trollope considered writing a profession, not an artistic whim. Consequently, his novels carry logical structure and coherent themes. His disciplined approach countered the myth of the suffering, chaotic artist. Readers always knew what to expect from his style and substance. Thus, commitment to habit and craft shaped Anthony Trollope as writer admired for dependability and clarity.

4. Realism in Trollope’s Novels

Realism defines Anthony Trollope as writer more than any other trait. He avoided melodrama, preferring honest depictions of daily life. His characters live in believable settings with real emotions and motives. Trollope’s plots unfold naturally, often driven by small decisions. He did not create larger-than-life heroes or villains. Instead, he explored flawed, relatable people. Trollope’s background in civil service influenced his interest in bureaucracy and order. He exposed social hypocrisy and institutional failure without preaching. His dialogue feels authentic, reflecting class differences and personal quirks. Though not flashy, his realism built trust with readers. It allowed deeper moral exploration and social commentary. Many readers appreciated his steady tone and emotional honesty. For these reasons, critics now celebrate Anthony Trollope who captured the ordinary with extraordinary insight.

5. The Barsetshire Novels

The Barsetshire series helped establish Anthony Trollope as writer of lasting fame. Set in a fictional English county, these six novels explore church politics, family duty, and village gossip. Beginning with The Warden, the series blends morality with satire. Barchester Towers, the second installment, remains one of his most popular works. It introduces unforgettable characters like Mrs. Proudie and Mr. Slope. Each novel adds layers to the world of Barsetshire. Trollope connects clergy, aristocrats, and working-class figures with care. The stories highlight ethical dilemmas and power struggles within church institutions. Importantly, the series does not rely on plot twists. Instead, it builds tension through character decisions and quiet conflicts. Trollope’s calm, reflective tone never wavers. These novels cemented Anthony Trollope who could balance humor, critique, and human emotion in one coherent fictional world.

6. The Palliser Series

Another key achievement of Anthony Trollope as writer lies in the Palliser series. These six novels examine British parliamentary politics, aristocratic marriages, and ambition. The series begins with Can You Forgive Her? and continues through The Duke’s Children. Plantagenet Palliser, a reserved and dutiful politician, forms the central figure. Trollope contrasts his emotional restraint with his wife Lady Glencora’s impulsive nature. Through them, he examines the price of public service. The novels depict legislation, electioneering, and social climbing. Yet, politics never overshadows personal complexity. Trollope shows how power, love, and compromise interact. He blends private drama with public consequence. Unlike sensational political fiction, Trollope’s approach remains grounded and personal. He offers insight without exaggeration. Thus, the Palliser novels reinforce Anthony Trollope who understood politics not just as power, but as a moral and emotional journey.

7. Female Characters in His Works

Female experience shapes Anthony Trollope as writer in important ways. His novels feature complex women who seek love, agency, and respect. Characters like Lily Dale, Lady Glencora, and Alice Vavasor face social limits. Yet, they make bold, sometimes painful choices. Trollope respected female intelligence and emotional range. Though not a feminist by modern standards, he offered empathy. He explored women’s dilemmas in marriage, finance, and independence. Many women in his books challenge expectations without becoming symbols. Trollope wrote them as people, not ideas. He didn’t always reward rebellion, but he recognized courage. His portrayals reflect the tension Victorian women lived with. These characters still resonate with readers today. For that reason, understanding Anthony Trollope as a writer requires recognizing his sensitive portrayal of women navigating a rigid world.

8. Trollope’s View on Marriage

Marriage remains central in understanding Anthony Trollope as a novelist. His novels rarely end without a marriage—or its failure. Yet, he never treated marriage lightly. Instead, he explored it as a social contract, not just romantic union. Trollope questioned whether love alone could sustain marriage. He examined financial dependence, mismatched values, and social ambition. Characters like Johnny Eames or Arabella Trefoil often wrestle with conflicting desires. Some marry for love, others for security. Trollope rarely idealized either. He emphasized that marriage demands emotional maturity and compromise. Moreover, he used it as a lens to critique Victorian gender roles. Marriage, for him, reflected society’s best hopes and worst hypocrisies. By portraying its joys and failures equally, Trollope deepened his realism. Clearly, his treatment of marriage helps define Anthony Trollope as a novelist devoted to moral complexity and personal growth.

9. Use of Humor and Irony

Humor plays a subtle but crucial role in defining Anthony Trollope as a writer. He rarely sought laughter through absurdity. Instead, he employed irony, gentle mockery, and character-driven wit. Trollope’s narrators often comment slyly on human nature. Through these asides, he invited readers to judge characters kindly but honestly. For example, Mrs. Proudie’s overbearing piety in Barchester Towers becomes funny, not cruel. Similarly, the awkward romantic blunders of young suitors provoke both sympathy and amusement. Trollope’s humor created intimacy between narrator and reader. His tone remained warm even when he critiqued. He showed people in their foolishness without stripping them of dignity. This approach makes his satire effective and enduring. His restrained, intelligent humor never overpowered plot or theme. Thus, the careful use of irony and wit solidifies Anthony Trollope as writer who balanced truth with tolerance.

10. Narrative Voice and Authorial Intrusion

One unique feature of Trollope as a writer is his narrative voice. He frequently breaks the fourth wall, speaking directly to readers. These intrusions clarify themes, comment on characters, or express personal opinions. Far from distracting, they strengthen reader engagement. Trollope treated fiction as a conversation, not a performance. His honesty about storytelling itself felt refreshing to readers. He often admitted manipulating events or judging characters. Yet, these admissions added credibility rather than doubt. Readers felt included in the process. Unlike authors who hid behind their tales, Trollope stood beside his audience. His openness reflected his belief in literature’s moral responsibility. This narrative style also softened complex topics with familiarity. Today, critics see it as an early form of metafiction. Thus, narrative frankness becomes a hallmark of Trollope as a writer with clarity and self-awareness.

11. Themes of Social Mobility

Social mobility defines many characters and conflicts in Trollope’s fiction. He explored class tensions, ambition, and inherited privilege. Trollope as a writer exposed how status often mattered more than virtue. Characters like Phineas Finn rise through merit but face backlash. Others chase wealth through loveless marriages or questionable alliances. Trollope understood the cost of climbing the social ladder. He didn’t condemn ambition outright. Rather, he questioned the means by which it was pursued. Trollope admired hard work but distrusted empty titles. Through estates, inheritances, and elections, he dramatized class struggle. Yet, his tone remained moderate. He avoided extreme satire or angry moralism. His nuanced treatment made the theme more powerful. As class systems evolved in Victorian Britain, Trollope captured the unease. Therefore, his focus on mobility and merit defines Trollope as a writer of deep societal insight.

12. Representation of Clergy

The Church of England features prominently in Trollope’s fiction. Anthony Trollope as a writer dissected its politics, personalities, and hypocrisies. In the Barsetshire novels, he created an entire clerical world. He showed bishops, archdeacons, and curates not as saints but as people. Some were vain; others were sincere. Trollope neither glorified nor vilified religion. Instead, he observed its effect on public image and private conscience. Mr. Harding in The Warden struggles with a moral dilemma involving charity. That conflict reveals Trollope’s skill in portraying ethical tension. He questioned not faith, but institution. His clergy characters often reflect internal doubts or external pressures. Trollope used the church as a mirror of Victorian values. His respectful but honest portrayal shaped later literary treatments of religion. Therefore, his clerical narratives help define Trollope as a writer rooted in both tradition and critique.

13. Depiction of Politics

Politics in Trollope’s novels goes beyond background. It drives action and shapes characters. Trollope as a writer understood political life firsthand. He ran for Parliament himself, though unsuccessfully. His Palliser novels reflect insider knowledge of Victorian governance. Trollope explored how ambition, compromise, and public image interact. Characters often face moral choices between self-interest and duty. He revealed the cost of integrity in a system built on negotiation. Elections, scandals, and parliamentary debates appear with vivid detail. Yet, politics never becomes cold or procedural. Trollope ties it to personal emotion and ethical pressure. Plantagenet Palliser’s quiet leadership contrasts with others’ theatricality. Trollope neither glorified nor demonized politicians. He showed them as flawed individuals in a flawed system. His balanced view makes his political fiction timeless. Thus, political realism becomes another key feature of Trollope as a writer.

14. Treatment of Morality

Morality plays a central role in defining Anthony Trollope as a writer. He did not offer simple moral lessons. Instead, he showed how good people make questionable decisions. His novels ask, not answer, moral questions. Characters wrestle with conscience, duty, and temptation. Trollope avoided rigid definitions of right and wrong. Rather, he explored consequences. When characters fail, they face loss—of love, respect, or self-worth. Trollope rarely imposed punishment for drama. He trusted readers to judge outcomes. Moreover, he portrayed moral growth as gradual, not dramatic. Characters learn through experience, not revelation. Trollope believed fiction should reflect life’s ambiguity. Therefore, his novels avoid preaching. Instead, they foster reflection. His moral vision was neither harsh nor sentimental. This mature approach makes Anthony Trollope as a writer resonate with modern sensibilities. He respected the reader’s ability to engage ethically without manipulation.

15. Influence of Irish Experience

Trollope’s years in Ireland left a deep mark on his writing. He spent eighteen years there working for the Post Office. Consequently, this time shaped his perspective on culture and politics. Living in Ireland exposed him to religious tensions and social complexity. Therefore, he observed both English prejudice and Irish resilience clearly. His Irish novels, including The Kellys and the O’Kellys and Castle Richmond, reflect these insights vividly. Moreover, he portrayed landlords, tenants, and clergy with fairness and subtlety. Though not radical, his views became more empathetic over time. Transitioning between observation and imagination, he gained narrative confidence steadily. The routine and stability of Post Office work enhanced his discipline and focus. Furthermore, early successes arose during this period, encouraging further literary ambition consistently. Trollope’s experiences deepened his understanding of identity, authority, and social hierarchy. In addition, he developed insight into human motivations, duty, and obligation. Overall, his Irish years contributed profoundly to his approach, realism, and commitment to fair depiction across novels.

16. Trollope’s View on Duty and Responsibility

17. Trollope’s Legacy and Recognition

During his life, Trollope enjoyed commercial success and mixed critical praise. Initially, some critics dismissed his style as old-fashioned or conventional. However, over time, perceptions of his work shifted significantly. Today, scholars recognize his ability to depict Victorian life honestly and thoroughly. Moreover, writers such as Virginia Woolf admired his psychological insight and narrative consistency. Modern readers value careful structure, measured tone, and sustained narrative discipline repeatedly. His method, once criticized as dull, now demonstrates precision and skill. Additionally, authors focusing on ordinary people, like Barbara Pym and Colm Tóibín, show his literary influence. Adaptations for film and television renew public interest and accessibility. The Barsetshire and Palliser series remain staples of Victorian literature study. Libraries, universities, and literary courses include Trollope’s works regularly. Consequently, his novels attract scholarly attention and popular readership simultaneously. Enduring clarity, ethical observation, and realistic depiction continue to define his literary reputation permanently. Overall, Trollope’s novels illustrate narrative discipline, social insight, and ethical concern effectively.

18. Exploration of Friendship and Loyalty

Friendship plays a central role in Trollope’s novels consistently. His characters frequently find support and guidance through companionship. Additionally, he explores male friendships with insight and emotional depth. Political colleagues, professional associates, and close allies illustrate loyalty and rivalry repeatedly. Female friendships also appear, showing shared hardship and understanding clearly. Moreover, friendship enables examination of trust, betrayal, and societal expectation naturally. Unlike romantic plots, friendships develop gradually, revealing personality through action rather than words. Trollope portrays loyalty as a moral and social strength continuously. Narrative often hinges on friends’ reactions under stress or temptation. Many readers find these depictions of steadfast support more compelling than romantic entanglements. Furthermore, he emphasizes everyday kindness, encouragement, and practical help repeatedly. Friendship grounds characters, informs plot, and reinforces ethical insight harmoniously. Through careful depiction, Trollope deepens the emotional complexity of his narratives consistently. Relationships reveal both societal norms and personal virtue effectively. Overall, friendship enriches character development, moral reflection, and narrative realism permanently.

19. Travel and Setting in Trollope’s Novels

Place matters deeply in Trollope’s fiction consistently. He described towns, offices, and homes precisely. Additionally, settings shape both emotion and meaning clearly. Rural Barsetshire feels vivid because of careful detail. London scenes reveal political tension and personal isolation repeatedly. Moreover, travel appears as literal and emotional movement naturally. Characters journey between cities and countryside, learning or losing insight continuously. Trollope’s personal experience across Britain and Ireland enriched observation. Later novels sent readers abroad, to Europe, America, and Australia. Yet, exoticism remained minimal, serving theme, not spectacle. Cultural contrasts highlight differences in values, customs, and behavior effectively. Settings show class, opportunity, and social constraint repeatedly. Furthermore, place connects inner change with external circumstance harmoniously. Readers perceive movement, development, and ethical growth simultaneously. Detailed geography and social description enhance narrative depth permanently. Ultimately, careful attention to setting demonstrates Trollope’s commitment to realism, human understanding, and societal insight consistently.

20. Trollope’s Work Ethic and Productivity

Trollope maintained remarkable discipline and writing consistency throughout life. He wrote nearly every day, regardless of circumstances. Routine replaced reliance on inspiration, ensuring steady output. He produced 47 novels, essays, short stories, and biographies continuously. Full-time postal work did not hinder literary creation. Consequently, he demonstrated that talent required labor, not luck. Planning pages and hours supported methodical production naturally. Many modern writers admire his structured approach and perseverance. Letters and autobiography emphasize routine over divine inspiration repeatedly. Careful revision prevented stylistic errors and maintained narrative clarity consistently. Trollope’s output combines efficiency, creativity, and ethical attention harmoniously. Readers experience dependable narrative quality and consistent pacing continuously. Work ethic reinforced narrative coherence, character development, and thematic exploration simultaneously. Through discipline, Trollope achieved literary influence and reader trust effectively. Productivity ensured novels met both audience expectation and personal standards clearly. Writing as labor strengthened realism, structure, and psychological insight permanently. Ultimately, tireless professionalism defines Trollope’s commitment to craft, literary integrity, and enduring cultural relevance continuously.

21. Character Development Techniques

Trollope excelled at creating layered, evolving characters consistently. He revealed personality through action, decision, and dialogue naturally. Characters grow slowly, reflecting inner thought, private hope, and moral choice. Readers observe change more than external plot frequently. Trollope’s empathy allows portrayal of diverse gender, age, and class groups. Even unsympathetic figures gain understanding without judgment repeatedly. Repetition, habit, or gesture conveys personality more than long speeches. Emotional realism outweighs dramatic action continuously. Subtle transformation emerges through nuanced observation, dialogue, and narrative exposition naturally. Character arcs integrate plot, ethical tension, and social roles harmoniously. Trollope trusts readers to perceive personal growth clearly. Intimate portrayal deepens realism, psychological insight, and thematic development repeatedly. Characters reflect societal expectation, aspiration, and moral challenge effectively. Through consistent observation, Trollope crafts believable, ethically complex personalities continuously. Slow-building detail enhances empathy, reflection, and understanding permanently. Overall, character development defines his fiction and contributes to narrative sophistication consistently.

22. Trollope and the Victorian Novel Form

Trollope adhered to classic Victorian novel structure consistently. Linear plotlines and resolved endings shaped narrative clarity naturally. Yet, he incorporated psychological insight and ethical depth simultaneously. Romantic conventions remained but underwent quiet questioning repeatedly. Trollope balanced tradition with thoughtful innovation harmoniously. Dickens used spectacle, whereas Trollope favored consistency and precision. Narrative length remained substantial yet controlled throughout. Form allowed exploration of morality, society, and personal choice effectively. Readers experienced clarity, pacing, and narrative coherence repeatedly. Novel structure reinforced realism, ethical reflection, and character development naturally. Trollope respected audience intelligence while maintaining literary accessibility continuously. Subtle innovation enhanced narrative sophistication and thematic resonance permanently. His novels illustrate that Victorian form can support depth, subtlety, and social observation effectively. Students of literature study his method as model. Carefully structured storytelling provides both entertainment and reflection repeatedly. Ultimately, adherence and innovation in form exemplify Trollope’s narrative skill and vision consistently.

23. Public Image and Reception

Trollope had a mixed public image during life consistently. He was widely read, yet critics often undervalued subtle craft. Some found plots predictable, others praised clarity and moral observation repeatedly. Autobiography revealed disciplined methods, surprising audiences accustomed to inspired genius. Readers now admire honesty and transparency naturally. He rejected romanticized accounts of authorship frequently. Trollope considered himself both craftsman and thinker harmoniously. Posthumous reputation declined but revived in the twentieth century. Modern critics recognize social insight, structural control, and psychological realism repeatedly. Biographers present his life as instructive rather than mythical. Public opinion shifted from commercial respect to academic appreciation continuously. Today, readers value durability, method, and ethical vision clearly. Shifting reception highlights timeless relevance and literary contribution effectively. Critics emphasize consistency, realism, and moral depth repeatedly. Thus, changing perspectives confirm Trollope’s continuing significance in literary study permanently.

24. Trollope’s Short Stories and Non-Fiction

Trollope wrote extensively beyond novels consistently. Short stories, essays, and biographies reveal additional dimensions of his skill. They echo recurring themes: ambition, love, and moral choice naturally. Nonfiction includes travel books, political essays, and historical biographies repeatedly. Observational accuracy combines with reflective insight harmoniously. Travel works examine society, culture, and personal experience carefully. Biographies demonstrate clarity, ethical judgment, and narrative skill continuously. These writings highlight intellectual breadth and social awareness repeatedly. Nonfiction complements fiction, reinforcing worldview, style, and moral philosophy consistently. Readers gain understanding of both historical and contemporary Victorian life effectively. Trollope’s smaller works extend narrative techniques to new forms repeatedly. Ethical reflection, realistic observation, and literary style remain consistent. Essays and biographies engage readers while maintaining thematic cohesion naturally. Collectively, they enhance understanding of values, human relationships, and societal insight harmoniously. Trollope’s nonfiction confirms his comprehensive literary vision permanently.

25. Writing about Financial Ethics

Money serves as a central theme in Trollope’s novels consistently. He examined how wealth shapes character, decision, and moral choice effectively. Inheritance, debt, and economic pressure frame pivotal plotlines repeatedly. Some characters prioritize honesty, others pursue gain naturally. Financial realism highlights societal expectation and personal ethics harmoniously. Trollope critiques speculative business, greedy aristocrats, and exploitative bankers continuously. Wealth influences marriage, reputation, and self-worth clearly. Characters face dilemmas where money tests virtue repeatedly. Narrative demonstrates interaction between status, economy, and morality naturally. Observing financial pressures enhances social realism and thematic depth consistently. Ethical tension arises from conflicting desire, opportunity, and obligation harmoniously. Through wealth, Trollope explores societal norms, personal responsibility, and human aspiration continuously. He presents practical consequences of financial decision-making repeatedly. Balance of realism, moral philosophy, and social observation strengthens narrative naturally. Readers witness authentic Victorian life shaped by economy continuously. Consequently, discussion of money illuminates character, plot, and ethical reasoning permanently. Trollope integrates finance into fiction with precision, insight, and narrative clarity consistently.

26. Trollope’s Use of Serial Publication

Serial publication shaped Anthony Trollope as a writer. Many of his novels first appeared in magazines. This method required careful pacing and structure. Each installment needed momentum without over-excitement. Trollope excelled at balancing long-term development with short-term appeal. He planned plots in advance to avoid inconsistency. Serialization influenced his rhythm—chapters moved logically, always building. He used cliffhangers sparingly but effectively. Moreover, he understood his audience. He tailored content to middle-class tastes without sacrificing integrity. Serialization widened his readership and strengthened his fame. It also made him responsive to social trends. Trollope treated this publishing format as serious art. He never diluted meaning for popularity. His ability to maintain depth over months reveals great control. Thus, mastery of serial fiction further defines Trollope as a writer of discipline and broad public reach.

27. Views on Women Writers

Trollope respected women writers of his time. He praised authors like George Eliot and Charlotte Brontë. Anthony Trollope believed women offered essential perspectives. Though traditional in some views, he valued their moral clarity. He welcomed emotional complexity and praised female character development. Trollope also acknowledged the difficulties women faced in publishing. He never mocked their success. In essays and letters, he recognized the quality of their craft. His female characters reflected a similar respect. They were strong, layered, and sometimes more insightful than men. Trollope may not have advocated revolution, but he supported representation. His approach helped normalize women’s presence in literary spaces. He engaged in dialogue, not dismissal. Therefore, his attitude toward female authors adds another layer to Anthony Trollope rooted in empathy and fairness.

28. Victorian Society in Trollope’s Work

Trollope’s fiction offers a mirror to Victorian society. He portrayed its values, contradictions, and ambitions. Anthony Trollope chronicled institutions like the church, Parliament, and press. He explored middle-class anxiety, aristocratic decay, and professional pressure. His novels show how reputation, marriage, and money intertwined. Trollope captured the texture of daily life—its routines, gossip, and rituals. He wasn’t interested in rebellion or fantasy. He wanted to reflect life as lived. His attention to detail revealed hidden tensions. Even minor characters carried symbolic weight. Trollope showed how society shaped personality. Yet, he never ignored individuality. His characters acted within constraints, but with choices. That balance made his social vision enduring. Readers trust him because he told the truth kindly. Thus, social accuracy further defines Anthony Trollope with clear, enduring vision.

29. Trollope’s Autobiography

Trollope’s Autobiography revealed his thoughts on writing, work, and fame. It shocked many Victorian readers. Anthony Trollope as a writer confessed that he wrote by schedule—not inspiration. Some saw this as unromantic. However, others admired his honesty. He described his writing habits without apology. He valued discipline over spontaneity. Trollope also reflected on success, failure, and reader response. He saw writing as a job requiring skill, not mystery. His candor humanized him. Today, writers and scholars often cite this book for its insight. It shows how Trollope understood literature as both art and labor. His reflections deepened appreciation of his fiction. The Autobiography also defended realism and moral fiction. In revealing himself, Trollope added depth to his legacy. Thus, his life story enhances Anthony Trollope who understood both the page and the person behind it.

30. Conclusion: Enduring Power of Trollope’s Work

In conclusion, Anthony Trollope as writer remains essential to understanding Victorian literature. He combined structure, realism, and ethics with unmatched consistency. His characters feel real, not symbolic. His plots reveal, not dictate. Trollope captured an age in motion—its hopes, fears, and hypocrisies. He trusted readers to think, not just feel. His methodical style continues to inspire modern writers. Moreover, his exploration of power, gender, class, and conscience stays relevant. Trollope proved that literature can be honest without being cold. It can be moral without preaching. His novels continue to offer both pleasure and reflection. Every page bears his calm, clear voice. As the world grows more chaotic, Trollope’s balance and clarity remain refreshing. That quiet power defines Anthony Trollope who understood how deeply fiction can shape life.

Thomas Hardy as a Novelist of the Victorian Period: https://englishlitnotes.com/2025/08/04/thomas-hardy-as-a-novelist/

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